Conhecimento de acadêmicos de Odontologia sobre o uso de anestésicos locais / Conocimiento de los estudiantes de odontología sobre el uso de anestésicoslocales / Dentistry students' knowledge about the use of local anesthetics

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o conhecimento de estudantes de graduação do curso de Odontologia em relação à indicação e uso dos anestésicos locais nos procedimentos clínicos e cirúrgicos. Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, observacional tendo como instrumento de coleta um questionário composto de perguntas abertas e fechadas sobre a temática. Após assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, 59 acadêmicos que obedeciam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão participaram do estudo respondendo ao questionário. A amostra apresentou média de idade de 22,75 anos, 17 (29,31%) eram do sexo masculino e 41 (70,68%) do feminino, sendo que um participante não declarou o sexo. A média de tempo cursando Odontologia foi de 4 anos, sendo que 19 alunos (31%) cursavam o 6º período, 22 (37,9%) o 8º período e 18 (31%) o 10º período do curso. Situações relacionadas à toxicidade do anestésico foram corretamente identificadas por 20 participantes (57,2% dos 35 que responderam à pergunta), 56 (94,9%) realizaram anamnese direcionada e 55 (93,2%) fizeram a escolha do sal anestésico de acordo com a condição sistêmica do paciente. Porém, quando questionados sobre a dose anestésica máxima em determinada situação clínica, apenas 6 (10,2%) responderam corretamente. Considerando a disponibilidade de anestésicos para uma exodontia simples em paciente hipertenso ou diabético controlado, gestante, lactante e criança, pouco mais que a metade dos alunos (62,7% a 52,5%) souberam indicar corretamente solução anestésica,considerando a lidocaína com vasoconstritor o anestésico de escolha. Foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas quando comparado o gênero dos acadêmicos em relação ao uso de anestésico tópico (p=0,018) e uso de anestesia local para o procedimento de raspagem periodontal subgengival (p = 0,008), sendo as duas indicações mais comuns na parcela feminina da amostra. Conclui-se que a maioria dos acadêmicos possui conhecimentos necessários para escolha do sal anestésico e sucesso quanto ao emprego da técnica, entretanto não realizaram de forma correta o cálculo da dose máxima recomendada diante de uma situação clínica hipotética, necessitando, neste e em outros parâmetros, de revisão de conceitos, procedimentos e condutas clínicas (AU).

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el conocimiento de estudiantes de graduación en odontologíasobre la indicación y uso de anestésicos locales en procedimientos clínicos y quirúrgicos. Se trata de un estudio observacional prospectivo que utiliza como instrumento de recogida de datos un cuestionario compuesto por preguntas abiertas y cerradas sobreel tema. Después de firmar el formulario de consentimiento libre e informado, 59 estudiantes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión participaron en el estudio respondiendo el cuestionario. La muestra tenía una edad media de 22,75 años, 17 (29,31%) eran del sexo masculino y 41 (70,68%) del sexo femenino, y un participante no declaró el sexo. El tiempo promedio de estudio de Odontología fue de 4 años, con 19 alumnos (31%) cursando el 6° período, 22 (37,9%) el 8° período y 18 (31%) el 10° período de la carrera. Las situaciones relacionadas con la toxicidad del anestésico fueron identificadas correctamente por 20 participantes (57,2% de los 35 que respondieron la pregunta), 56 (94,9%) realizaron anamnesis dirigida y 55 (93,2%) eligieron la sal del anestésico según el estado sistémico del paciente. Sin embargo, cuando se les preguntó sobre la dosis máxima de anestésico en una situación clínica dada, solo 6 (10,2%) respondieron correctamente. Considerando la disponibilidad de anestésicos para una extracción dental simple en pacientes hipertensos o diabéticos controlados, gestantes, lactantes y niños, poco más de la mitad de los estudiantes (62,7% a 52,5%) sabían indicar correctamente la solución anestésica, considerando la lidocaína con vasoconstrictor el anestésico de elección. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar el sexo de los estudiantes en relación con el uso de anestésico tópico (p=0,018) y uso de anestesia local para el procedimiento de raspado periodontal subgingival (p=0,008), las dos indicaciones más comunes en la porción femenina de la muestra. Se concluye que la mayoría de los académicos tienen los conocimientos necesarios para elegir la sal anestésica y lograr el uso de la técnica, sin embargo, no calcularon correctamente la dosis máxima recomendada en una situación clínica hipotética, requiriendo, en este y otros parámetros, revisar conceptos, procedimientos y enfoques clínicos (AU).

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the knowledge of undergraduate dental students regarding the indication and use of local anesthetics in clinical and surgical procedures. This is a prospective, observational study, using a questionnaire with open and closed questions about the subject as a collection tool. After signing the ICF, 59 students who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria participated in the study by answering the questionnaire. The students included in the study had a mean age of 22.75 years, 29.31% (n=17) were male and 70.68% (n=41) were female, and one student did not declare. The average number of years in college was 4 years, with 19 students (31%) in 6th period, 22 (37.9%) in 8th period and 18 (31%) in 10th period. Fifty-seven percent identified situations related to anesthetic toxicity, 94.9% performed directed anamnesis, and 93.2% chose the anesthetic salt according to the general condition of the patient. However, when questioned about the maximum anesthetic dose in a given clinical situation, only 10.2% answered correctly. For anesthetic application procedures, 89.8% considered that controlling the volume of anesthetic solution injected was an important factor, and 72.9% informed that prior aspiration was done before starting the injection of the anesthetic. Regarding the success of the technique, 78% reported success. Considering the availabilityof anesthetics, the indication for patients with some systemic condition, 62.7% knew how to correctly indicate the anesthetic solution. Statistically significant differences were observed when comparing the gender of the students regarding the use of topical anesthetic (p = 0.018) and the use of local anesthesia for subgingival periodontal scaling (p = 0.008), both indications being more common in female students. It was concluded that most of the students had the necessary knowledge to choose the anesthetic salt and were successful in using the technique, however, they did not correctly calculate the maximum dose recommended for a clinical situation presented as an assumption, requiring, in this and other parameters, a review of concepts, procedures, and clinical conducts (AU).

Effect of a Copaiba Oil-Based Dental Biomodifier on the Inhibition of Metalloproteinase in Adhesive Restoration.

AIM: This study sets out to evaluate the antiproteolytic activity of copaiba oil-based emulsion at the resin/dentin adhesive interface union formed with conventional and self-etching adhesives systems. METHODS: At in situ zymography, 30 teeth were sectioned 2 mm below the enamel-dentin junction; a smear layer was standardized and subdivided into four groups. Gelatin conjugated with fluorescein was used and taken to the fluorescence microscope for evaluation. In cytotoxicity, the Trypan Blue method was used at four different time points. The tested groups were (G1) control with distilled water; (G2) 2% chlorhexidine (CLX); (G3) emulsion based on copaiba oil (EC) 10% + X; (G4) 10% EC + Y; and (G5) EC 10% alkaline. The zymographic assay used the same groups described, but in 30 seconds and 10 and 20 minutes. HT1080 cells were incubated and submitted to electrophoresis. The gel was analyzed using ImageJ software. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used in the statistical analysis (p < 0.05). RESULTS: ECs showed higher cell viability in the cytotoxicity test and showed a significant difference in 10 and 20 minutes. In the zymographic assay, alkaline EC reduced 67% of MMP-2 activity and 44% of MMP-9 compared to 2% chlorhexidine. At in situ zymography in qualitative evaluation, all groups tested showed inhibition of activity in metalloproteinases. CONCLUSION: EC showed activity in the inhibition of metalloproteinases in vitro and in situ, especially the alkaline one. The survey shows the possibility of using ECs, a product from Amazonian biodiversity, as a biomodifier in dentistry.

Adhesive resistance of a copaiba oil-based dentin biomodifier.

This study analyzed the effect of prior application of copaiba oil (CO) emulsions as a dentin cleaning substance on microleakage and microtensile adhesive strength. Twenty-five premolars and sixty-four molars were used for microleakage and microtensile assays. For the microleakage assays, specimens with standard class V cavities were divided (n = 5), according to the tested CO emulsions: CO10%X, CO10%Y, and CO10%Z, as well as chlorhexidine 2% (CHX) and distilled water (DW), as positive and negative controls, respectively. Restorations were performed using the Adper Single Bond® and/or Clearfil SE Bond® systems. Cervical, occlusal, distal and mesial sections were assessed for tracer penetration degree at the composite/tooth interface. For the microtensile assay, healthy molars were divided into sixteen groups, in which artificial caries were induced in half of the groups. Dentin surfaces were treated with CO10%X and CO10%Y, CHX and DW. Microtensile bond strength was measured by fixing each sample to the plate of a universal testing machine operated at a speed of 0.5 mm/minute until failure. Dentin treated with CO10%X showed a lower infiltration rate than dentin treated with the other CO emulsions, CHX2% and DW. According to the microtensile assay, both healthy and affected dentin treated with CO10%X and Adper Single Bond® adhesive system presented higher adhesive strength. CO emulsion, used as a dentin biomodifier, interfered positively in microleakage and improved adhesive strength after acid etching in the Adper Single Bond® adhesive system, or before applying the Clearfil SE Bond® self-etching system.

Adhesive resistance of a copaiba oil-based dentin biomodifier

Abstract This study analyzed the effect of prior application of copaiba oil (CO) emulsions as a dentin cleaning substance on microleakage and microtensile adhesive strength. Twenty-five premolars and sixty-four molars were used for microleakage and microtensile assays. For the microleakage assays, specimens with standard class V cavities were divided (n = 5), according to the tested CO emulsions: CO10%X, CO10%Y, and CO10%Z, as well as chlorhexidine 2% (CHX) and distilled water (DW), as positive and negative controls, respectively. Restorations were performed using the Adper Single Bond® and/or Clearfil SE Bond® systems. Cervical, occlusal, distal and mesial sections were assessed for tracer penetration degree at the composite/tooth interface. For the microtensile assay, healthy molars were divided into sixteen groups, in which artificial caries were induced in half of the groups. Dentin surfaces were treated with CO10%X and CO10%Y, CHX and DW. Microtensile bond strength was measured by fixing each sample to the plate of a universal testing machine operated at a speed of 0.5 mm/minute until failure. Dentin treated with CO10%X showed a lower infiltration rate than dentin treated with the other CO emulsions, CHX2% and DW. According to the microtensile assay, both healthy and affected dentin treated with CO10%X and Adper Single Bond® adhesive system presented higher adhesive strength. CO emulsion, used as a dentin biomodifier, interfered positively in microleakage and improved adhesive strength after acid etching in the Adper Single Bond® adhesive system, or before applying the Clearfil SE Bond® self-etching system.

Adhesive resistance of a copaiba oil-based dentin biomodifier

Abstract This study analyzed the effect of prior application of copaiba oil (CO) emulsions as a dentin cleaning substance on microleakage and microtensile adhesive strength. Twenty-five premolars and sixty-four molars were used for microleakage and microtensile assays. For the microleakage assays, specimens with standard class V cavities were divided (n = 5), according to the tested CO emulsions: CO10%X, CO10%Y, and CO10%Z, as well as chlorhexidine 2% (CHX) and distilled water (DW), as positive and negative controls, respectively. Restorations were performed using the Adper Single Bond® and/or Clearfil SE Bond® systems. Cervical, occlusal, distal and mesial sections were assessed for tracer penetration degree at the composite/tooth interface. For the microtensile assay, healthy molars were divided into sixteen groups, in which artificial caries were induced in half of the groups. Dentin surfaces were treated with CO10%X and CO10%Y, CHX and DW. Microtensile bond strength was measured by fixing each sample to the plate of a universal testing machine operated at a speed of 0.5 mm/minute until failure. Dentin treated with CO10%X showed a lower infiltration rate than dentin treated with the other CO emulsions, CHX2% and DW. According to the microtensile assay, both healthy and affected dentin treated with CO10%X and Adper Single Bond® adhesive system presented higher adhesive strength. CO emulsion, used as a dentin biomodifier, interfered positively in microleakage and improved adhesive strength after acid etching in the Adper Single Bond® adhesive system, or before applying the Clearfil SE Bond® self-etching system.

Os caminhos da reformulação do Projeto Pedagógico da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Amazonas / Curriculum redesign of the Dental school of the Federal University of Amazonas

Este artigo relata a experiência de uma Faculdade de Odontologia durante o processo de construção e implementação de um novo projeto pedagógico (PP). O PP foi reformulado desde a caracterização do curso com as discussões sobre perfil de egresso, passando pela estrutura de funcionamento, objetivos, matriz curricular, estágios e concepção metodológica. Durante 12 meses foram utilizadas diversas ferramentas para sensibilização do corpo docente, incluindo a realização de semanas pedagógicas, oficinas, encontros pedagógicos e discussões nas assembleias docentes. O novo currículo foi implementado em 2012 evidenciando a interdisciplinaridade, a formatação de ambulatórios integrados e um estágio curricular obrigatório que compreende mais de 40% da matriz curricular entre atividades intra e extramuros. Dificuldades foram encontradas durante a implementação e a comunidade acadêmica buscou ferramentas para minimizá-las, fazendo com que o projeto continue dinâmico e amadureça a cada ano (AU).

The aim of the paper is to report the experience of faculty members of a Dental school during the process of developing and implementing a new academic program (AP). The AP has been redesigned taking into consideration the characterization of the course by discussing the profile of alumni, physical structure, objectives, curriculum structure, academic internships and methodological design. The new curriculum was implemented in 2012 and it focuses on interdisciplinarity, integrated outpatient clinics and a mandatory traineeship that consists of more than 40% of the curriculum between intra- and extra-mural activities. Difficulties were encountered during the implementation of the new program and the academic community sought tools to minimize them. The new education program is dynamic, and it has been improving every year (AU).

Oral manifestations and histopathology of minor salivary gland from patients with Sjögren's Syndrome and its diagnosis in a public health system

Objective: to analyze the oral manifestations, sialometry and the histopathology of the minor salivary glands of patients with Sjögren Syndrome (SS) treated in a public health system and diagnosed according to European American Consensus Group (EACG) criteria. Material and Methods: the 32 patients were submitted to Shirmer test, oral cavity exam, unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow measurement and, in some cases, to the serological testing. For certain patients a minor salivary gland biopsy was carried out. Results: 10 patients were diagnosed with Sjögren Syndrome (SS), among whom: 40% were diagnosed with primary (pSS) and 60% with secondary Sjögren Syndrome (sSS). All patients diagnosed with this condition complained of xerostomia and xeropthalmia. Besides xerostomia, the most frequent oral manifestations were difficulty in swallowing, dry lips, hyperemic gums and atrophic change in tongue papillae. The average scores of the Schirmer and salivary flow tests were lower in patients with sSS. Conclusion: the oral signs and symptoms are extremely important in the multisystem involvement of the SS, which emphasizes the dental surgeon responsibility in managing these patients. The establishment of multidisciplinary diagnostic centers is of utmost importance, as well as the ability to offer more objective exams in the public health system aiming at increasing the accuracy of Sjögren Syndrome diagnosis.

Effect of Chewing Gum Containing CPP-ACP on Salivary Flow and Buffer Capacity: An in vivo Study

Objective: To evaluate salivary flow and buffer capacity by means of mechanical and chemical-mechanical stimuli, through the use of chewing gums. Material and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study with 12 volunteers, divided into three groups, in three phases: Group A: paraffin gum; Group B: Chewing gum without sucrose, flavored (Trident®); Group C: Flavored chewing gum, without sucrose and amorphous calcium casein-phosphate phosphopeptide (Trident Total®). The stimulated total saliva was collected after 5 minutes of mastication of one of the products and the volume was expressed in mL / min. The same sample was submitted to pH measurement with the use of a digital potentiometer, where the results were classified in normal buffer capacity (final pH between 5.0 and 7.0) or low (final pH <4.0). The results were evaluated regarding the normality of the sample distribution (Shapiro-Wilk test), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. Results: Chewing gums increased the salivary flow of the volunteers, when compared to the control group (paraffin) (1.53 mL / min), differing statistically from the group, although there was no difference between Trident® (2.09 mL / Min) and Trident Total® (2.06mL / min). Regarding the buffer capacity, the values obtained were 6.94 (paraffin), 6.99 (Trident®) and 6.93 (Trident Total®), with no difference between groups (p = 0.713). Conclusion: It was concluded that chewing gums, with and without CPP-ACP, increased the salivary flow in relation to the control group. In relation to buffer capacity the values obtained for chewing gums with and without CPP-ACP, are shown to be within the normal range.

Aesthetic and functional rehabilitation with Alumina: a case report / Reabilitação estética e funcional com Alumina: Relato de caso

A restauração totalmente cerâmica de dentes anteriores é um desafio na atual situação clínica onde há uma variedade de sistemas cerâmicos disponíveis. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar um relato de caso com a confecção de duas próteses fixas unitárias metal-free em dentes anteriores. Paciente, 30 anos de idade, gênero masculino, estudante, apresentou-se à Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Amazonas, preocupado com a aparência dos dentes. O retratamento endodôntico dos elementos 11 e 12 foi realizado e, em seguida, foram colocados pinos de fibra de vidro. Os preparos dentários foram feitos usando a técnica da silhueta. As coroas foram cimentadas com cimento resinoso. O paciente ficou muito satisfeito com o seu novo sorriso, já que o tratamento proporcionou a reabilitação estética dos dentes anteriores

All-ceramic restoration of anterior teeth is a challenging clinical situation for which a variety of all-ceramic systems are available. The aim of this study is to present a case report of the construction of two single-unit metal-free fixed prostheses in anterior teeth. A 30-year-old male patient came to the Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Amazonas, concerned about his teeth. Elements 11 and 12 were endodontically retreated and fiberglass intracanal retainer posts were inserted. Dental crowns were prepared using the silhouette technique. The crowns were cemented with resin cement. The patient was very satisfied with his new smile and the aesthetic rehabilitation of the anterior teeth provided by the treatment

Herbal mouthwash based on Libidibia ferrea: microbiological control, sensory characteristics, sedimentation, pH and density / Enxaguatório bucal fitoterápico à base de Libidibia ferrea: controle microbiológico, características organolépticas, sedimentação, pH e densidade

Introduction: Phytotherapy is the study of herbal medicines and their applicability to cure diseases in general, being a therapeutic method which can be used for the prevention and treatment of mouth diseases. Among the herbal studied, the Libidibia ferrea, known as jucá or ironwood, is widely used in folk medicine by presenting anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial and antipyretic therapeutic properties. Objective: To evaluate in vitro pharmacological stability of the Libidibia ferrea extract's mouthwash (INPA - 228 022). Material and method: It was held the mouthwash microbiological control by determining the total number of microorganisms and Salmonella sp, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus; stability characteristics (color, odor, brightness and consistency), sedimentation test (centrifuge), the pH measurement (pH meter) and density evaluation (pycnometer) were analyzed. Result: The mouthwash showed to be absent from microorganisms and no changes were observed in the organoleptics and sedimentation characteristics. The average pH values were 6.21, 6.15 and 5.85 at 0, 30 and 60 days, respectively, and 1.029, 1.033 and 1.035 g/ mL density values, respectively, without interfering with the final characteristic of the formulation. Conclusion: The mouthwash presented pharmacological stability and quality conditions. .

Introdução: A Fitoterapia é o estudo de plantas medicinais e suas aplicabilidades para a cura de doenças em geral, constituindo um método terapêutico que pode ser utilizado para a prevenção e tratamento de doenças bucais. Dentre as plantas estudadas, a Libidibia ferrea, conhecida como jucá ou pau ferro, é bastante utilizada na medicina popular por apresentar propriedades terapêuticas anti-inflamatória, analgésica, antimicrobiana e antitérmica. Objetivo: Avaliar, in vitro, a estabilidade farmacológica de um enxaguatório bucal fitoterápico à base do extrato de Libidibia ferrea (228.022 - INPA). Material e método: Foi realizado o controle microbiológico do enxaguatório através da determinação do número total de microrganismos de Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus; foram analisadas as características organolépticas (cor, odor, brilho e consistência), sedimentação (centrífuga), aferição do pH (peagâmetro) e densidade (picnômetro). Resultado: O enxaguatório mostrou-se ausente de microrganismos e não foram observadas alterações das características organolépticas e sedimentação. Os valores médios de pH foram de 6,21, 6,15 e 5,85 nos tempos de armazenamento de 0, 30 e 60 dias, respectivamente, e de densidade 1,029, 1,033 e 1,035 g/ mL, respectivamente, porém sem interferência na característica final da formulação. Conclusão: O enxaguatório à base de Libidibia ferrea apresentou condições de estabilidade e qualidade farmacológicas. .

Avaliação de erros em exames radiográficos intrabucais realizada por acadêmicos de odontologia/UFAM / Evaluation of errors in intraoral radiographs by students of dentistry/UFAM

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as radiografi as intrabucais realizadas no Setor de Radiologia, determinando o tipo de erro mais comum e relacionando-o com o tempo e região radiografada. Para tal, dois examinadores previamente calibrados entre si (Kappa= 0,83) observaram as radiografi as quanto ao erro de técnica e erro de processamento. Os dados foram analisados pela estatística descritiva e através teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Fisher, quando aplicável. Os resultados demonstraram que, do total de 281 radiografi as analisadas, em 224 (79,7%) foi identifi cado algum tipo de erro. Quanto aos erros de técnica, a maior porcentagem ocorreu por angulagem vertical incorreta em 79 (28,1%) e, dos erros de processamento, em 42 (14,9%) por manchas. Quando avaliada a relação do tipo de erro com a arcada radiografada, a angulagem vertical manteve-se como o erro mais comum na arcada superior em 58 (41,1%), porém, na arcada inferior, o erro mais comum foi por corte do dente/parte dele em 39 (35,5%). Quando avaliado tempo da disciplina e tipo de erro, observou-se diferença estatisticamente signifi cante entre o início e o término da Disciplina quanto à presença de erro de angulagem vertical (p=0,001). Pode-se concluir que o erro de técnica mais comum foi angulagem vertical e de processamento, radiografi as manchadas, havendo diminuição durante a prática do ensino

The aim of this study is to analyze the intraoral radiographs performed in the Radiology, determining the most common type of error and relating it to the time and region imaged. To this fi nality, two calibrated examiners together (Kappa = 0.83) observed radiographs as technical error and processing error. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test of Pearson and Fisher, when applicable. The results showed that from the total of 281 analyzed radiographs, in 224 (79.7%) was identifi ed some type of error. Among the errors of technique, the highest percentage was incorrect vertical angulation in 79 (28.1%), and processing errors, in 42 (14.9%) of spots. When evaluating the relationship of the type of error with the arcade imaged, the vertical angulation remained as the most common mistake in the upper 58 (41.1%), however, in the lower arch was the most common mistake by cutting the tooth / 39 part of it (35.5%). When measured time of discipline and type of error, there was a statistically signifi cant difference between the beginning and end of the Discipline for the presence of vertical angulation error (p = 0.001). It can be concluded that the most common errors were vertical angulation technique and processing, stained radiographs, with decreased during teaching practice

Alterações em mucosa bucal de pacientes portadores de Diabetes Mellitus / Oral mucosa alterations in Diabetes Mellitus patients

O objetivo deste estudo é verificar a presença de alterações, patológicas ou não, na mucosa bucal de pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus, através de exame clínico intrabucal. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico de corte transversal em pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus, atendidos no Ambulatório Araújo Lima, avaliados através de exame semiológico de rotina de tecidos moles da cavidade bucal. Após assinatura do TCLE os pacientes responderam um questionário semiestruturado com perguntas referentes ao desenvolvimento e evolução da diabetes. Após, os pacientes foram submetidos a exame intrabucal onde as observações foram anotadas em fichas específicas pertencentes ao prontuário padrão da Faculdade de Odontologia. Os dados coletados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, e as variáveis do estudo, submetidas ao teste do Qui-quadrado para verificação de correlação (p≤0,005). Os pacientes examinados foram, em sua maioria, do gênero feminino (51,9%) e portadores do tipo 2 da doença (88,5%) e os achados da pesquisa consistiram em alterações patológicas e do desenvolvimento, e esta última em maior prevalência como Grânulos de Fordyce (63,5%), Pigmentação Melânica (36,5%) e Língua Fissurada (32,7%). Diabetes mellitus pode influenciar de maneira significativa os tecidos bucais, induzindo o surgimento de lesões patológicas, porém, no presente estudo, os pacientes apresentaram alta prevalência de alterações com aspecto clínico dentro do padrão de normalidade distribuídos através da mucosa jugal, língua e gengiva

The aim of this study is to verify the presence of alterations, pathological or not, in the oral mucosa in patients with diabetes mellitus through intra-oral clinical examination. This was an epidemiological cross-sectional study in patients with diabetes mellitus treated at the Araujo Lima Service, evaluated through examination of tissues routine moles of the oral cavity. After signing the informed consent, the patients completed a semistructured questionnaire on the development and progression of diabetes. Afterwards, the patients underwent intra-oral examination where the observations were noted in specific records belonging to Dentistry. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the study variables were submitted to the chi-square test for correlation check (p≤0,005). The examined patients were mostly female (51.9%) with type 2 diabetes (88.5%) and research findings consisted of pathological changes and development, and the latter in higher prevalence as granules Fordyce (63.5%), melanin pigmentation (36.5%) and tongue Fissured (32.7%). Diabetes mellitus can significantly influence the oral tissues, inducing the emergence of pathological lesions; however, in this study, patients had a high prevalence of alterations with clinical aspect within the normal range distributed through the buccal mucosa, tongue and gums

Banco de dentes humanos e educação em saúde na Universidade Federal do Amazonas. Relato de experiência / Human tooth bank and health education at the Federal University of Amazonas: an experience report

A população brasileira ainda esta a mercê de profissionais ilegais ou despreparados que realizam extrações dentais desnecessárias visando apenas o lucro dos procedimentos clínicos e até a venda do órgão dental. Muitas vezes são extraídos dentes hígidos ou parcialmente afetados, que poderiam ser tratados e salvos; deste modo os pacientes perdem muitos elementos dentais prejudicando assim sua qualidade de vida. Uma forma de combater este tipo de atitude seria por meio da educação da população sobre a importância de uma boa saúde bucal e da valorização do dente como órgão do sistema estomatognático, enfatizando para o paciente que antes de aceitar um tratamento radical baseado na extração dental, ele teria o direito de escolher outros tratamentos conservadores que manteriam o elmento dental em função na cavidade bucal. Além disso, mesmo quando a extração é necessária, tanto os profissionais quanto os órgãos públicos, não descartam o dente extraído de forma correta, muitas vezes esse material é descartado no lixo comum. O ideal seria que estes dentes extraídos fossem acondicionados em um banco de dentes para minimizar a poluição biológica e desta forma até serem reaproveitados nas universidades por meio da utilização em pesquisas ou treinamentos laboratoriais. As instituições que mantém cursos de Odontologia poderiam institucionalizar seus bancos de dentes que atuariam na educação em saúde e no gerenciamento correto dos elementos dentais extraídos, diminuindo assim esta problemática (AU).

The Brazilian population is still at the mercy of illegal and unprepared professionals who perform unnecessary tooth extractions, seeking only to profit from clinical procedures and even to selling the dental organ. Patients often lose many teeth because healthy or partially affected teeth, which could have been treated and restored, are frequently extracted, ultimately affecting the patient's quality of life. One way of preventing this from occurring is by educating the population about the importance of good oral health and by helping people understand that the tooth is an organ of the stomatognathic system. It must also be pointed out that, before accepting a radical treatment entailing tooth extraction, patients have the right to choose other more conservative treatments that could maintain the function of the tooth in the oral cavity. Moreover, even when an extraction is required, neither dental professionals nor public agencies discard the extracted tooth correctly; oftentimes, it is discarded as common trash. Ideally, these extracted teeth could be placed in a tooth bank to minimize biological pollution and would be reused by universities for research or laboratory training. Universities that have dentistry courses could institutionalize their tooth banks, these could be involved in health education activities, and the extracted teeth could be correctly managed, thus reducing the problem (AU).

Avaliação cefalométrica do perfil mole de amazonenses com harmonia facial: um estudo piloto / Soft tissue profile in Amazon Brazilians with well-balanced faces: a cephalometric pilot study

Objetivo: avaliar a metodologia desenvolvida para determinar as características cefalométricas do perfil mole, em amazonenses com faces equilibradas, sugerindo possíveiscaracterísticas faciais peculiares da população amazonense. Metodologia: 11 radiografias laterais cefalométricas foram selecionadas a partir de 112 documentações ortodônticas doarquivo da disciplina de ortodontia da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Amazonas, incluindo pacientes nascidos no estado do Amazonas, filhos de amazonensese sem alterações esqueléticas faciais. Foram avaliadas 11 variáveis do perfil mole. O teste t de Student (p < 0,05) foi aplicado para identificar a presença de dimorfismo na amostra. Resultados: o plano horizontal de Frankfurt não se mostrou confiável como referência para o posicionamento da cabeça do paciente. O grupo estudado mostrou uma tendência à redução da altura facial ântero-inferior (Afai) e maior projeção anterior do mento e dos lábios. Foiencontrado dimorfismo na amostra, com o gênero masculino apresentando uma face mais convexa, devido à maior projeção nasal. Conclusão: a metodologia mostrou-se adequadapara avaliação das características faciais em norma lateral, contudo a posição natural da cabeça é recomendada para um posicionamento mais confiável do paciente, com o uso da linha vertical verdadeira para referência. Ficou evidente a necessidade de inclusão deuma análise do padrão de crescimento mandibular para correlacionar com as alterações encontradas no terço inferior da face.

Purpose: To analyze the methodology developed to determine cephalometriccharacteristics of soft tissue profile - in Amazon people with well-balanced faces - and to find possible individual characteristics of their facial pattern. Methods: Eleven laterais cephalometric x-rays were selected from 112 complete orthodontic, records of individuaisbom in Amazon State, descendent from Amazon people, without skeletal anomalies and at permanent denture stage. They were evaluated according to facial morphologic analysis. TheStudent's t-test (p<.05) was used to identify the presence of gender dimorphism in the sample. Results: The Frankfurt horizontal plane was not reliable as a reference for patient's headpositioning. The studied group presented a trend for reduction of lower anterior facial height (LAFH), larger anterior projection of the chin and lips. The presence of gender dimorphismwas found and it revealed that the convexity of facial profile tends to be higher in males, due greater nasal projection. Conclusions: The methodology was suitable for evaluation of facial characteristics on a lateral view, however the natural head position is recommended for a more faithful positioning of the patient, using the true verticalline as reference. It wasevident the need of inclusion of a mandibular growth pattem analysis to correia te with the changes found in the lower third of the face.

Evaluation of the fluoride stability of dentifrices sold in Manaus, AM, Brazil

The minimum requirement for the anti-caries effect of a dentifrice is the presence of available and stable fluoride in the formulation. The concentration of available fluoride in the major dentifrices sold in Brazil has been reported, but few data have been published about its stability, which is temperature-dependent. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration and stability of fluoride in dentifrices sold in Manaus, AM, Brazil, which is a typical tropical city. The concentrations of total fluoride, total soluble fluoride, MFP, and of insoluble fluoride of six Brazilian dentifrices and an imported one were analyzed. The analyses were made when the dentifrices were purchased and during a year of storage at room temperature (28.9 ± 1.16°C) and under refrigeration (26.3 ± 0.88°C). The analyses were performed using an ion specific electrode Orion 96-09. At the time of purchase, all the dentifrices analyzed showed more than 1,000 ppm (mug F-/g; w/w) of soluble fluoride. However, in most of them, this form of fluoride was not shown to be stable. The highest loss of soluble fluoride was found for storage at room temperature, reaching up to 40 percent. Although all dentifrices comply with the Brazilian guidelines with regard to the concentration of total fluoride (maximum of 0.15 percent), the instability of soluble fluoride observed in some of them can impair their anti-caries effect and this condition is not contemplated in the Governmental rules

Evaluation of the fluoride stability of dentifrices sold in Manaus, AM, Brazil.

The minimum requirement for the anti-caries effect of a dentifrice is the presence of available and stable fluoride in the formulation. The concentration of available fluoride in the major dentifrices sold in Brazil has been reported, but few data have been published about its stability, which is temperature-dependent. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration and stability of fluoride in dentifrices sold in Manaus, AM, Brazil, which is a typical tropical city. The concentrations of total fluoride, total soluble fluoride, MFP, and of insoluble fluoride of six Brazilian dentifrices and an imported one were analyzed. The analyses were made when the dentifrices were purchased and during a year of storage at room temperature (28.9 1.16 C) and under refrigeration (26.3 0.88 C). The analyses were performed using an ion specific electrode Orion 96-09. At the time of purchase, all the dentifrices analyzed showed more than 1,000 ppm (mug F-/g; w/w) of soluble fluoride. However, in most of them, this form of fluoride was not shown to be stable. The highest loss of soluble fluoride was found for storage at room temperature, reaching up to 40%. Although all dentifrices comply with the Brazilian guidelines with regard to the concentration of total fluoride (maximum of 0.15%), the instability of soluble fluoride observed in some of them can impair their anti-caries effect and this condition is not contemplated in the Governmental rules.